Advances in Human Norovirus Vaccine Research

Human norovirus (HuNoV) is the leading cause of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) worldwide, which highly stable and contagious, with a few virus particles being sufficient to establish infection. Although World Health Organization in 2016 stated that it should be an absolute priority develop HuNoV vaccine, unfortunately, there currently no licensed vaccine available. The major barrier development effective lack robust reproducible vitro cultivation system. To immunogen alone or combination other viral immunogens have been designed assess whether they can simultaneously induce protective immune responses against different viruses. Additionally, monovalent multivalent vaccines from genotypes, including GI GII virus-like (VLPs), assessed order broad protection. are several candidates based on VLPs tested clinical trials, challenges remain largely unresolved. In this review, we summarize advances system research discuss current future perspectives development.